ABSTRACT
Background: COVID-19 epidemic in Iran has imposed a heavy social, economic, political, and psychosocial burden and caused devastating social problems. On the other hand, it has also led to promising social cohesion. This study aimed to explore the community-wide changes following the COVID-19 pandemic and to understand how these changes may affect the Iranian community. Methods: This qualitative study used the grounded theory approach and conducted from May 2020 to March 2021 at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Adopting a purposive sampling approach, 15 faculty members in different fields participated in this study, and 17 interviews were performed. Results: This study indicated that the core phenomenon in the social change process was "struggling for survival and livelihood”. Therefore, people tried to identify and choose strategies to deal with or repel COVID-19 disease as a life-threatening situation. A set of contextual factors influenced their choice. The media and the performance of organizations as intervening conditions also played an important role in this process. Finally, this complex process led to constructive and destructive outcomes in society. Conclusion: The COVID-19 epidemic caused various multifaceted social changes in the Iranian community. Some social consequences were constructive and contributed to community development, while others jeopardized community development goals. Therefore, the paradigm model developed in this study can help policymakers and social planners develop programs to promote community health. © 2023 Authors. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Evidence before the COVID-19 outbreak indicated that healthcare workers' hand hygiene compliance had been low. Although hand hygiene compliance improved during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to plan a tailored and targeted hand hygiene promotion strategy to maintain these changes. Therefore, this review aimed to assess experimental theory-based studies on hand hygiene improvement to identify the best theory and constructs with higher effectiveness. The study design is a systematic review. The search strategy was developed, and Medline (PubMed), ProQuest, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Cochrane Trials, and Science Direct databases were searched up to May 26, 2020, without time restrictions. Review Manager 5.1 software was used to determine the risk of bias. Irrelevant articles, non-original articles, non-interventional studies, and those that lacked a theoretical framework were excluded. A total of eight articles were entered into the final analysis, including three randomized clinical trials and five quasi-experimental studies. In the selected studies, different theories were reported at intrapersonal, interpersonal, and organizational levels. Moreover, some studies evaluated multifaceted interventions involving various levels of influence. Finally, we suggested an integrated multi-level approach to promote hand hygiene (IMAPH) with a comprehensive theoretical framework for designing the interventions. © 2022 Malaysian ing and Indexing System. All rights reserved.